• Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Exploring the Benefits and Controversies of Cupping Therapy

Medically reviewed and edited by Holly Lunsford, APRN, FNP

History and Origins of Cupping Therapy

Cupping therapy is an ancient healing method that may help ease back pain, neck pain, headaches, and other health issues. It can be traced back to ancient Chinese, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern medicine.

The techniques of cupping therapy have been described in one of the oldest medical textbooks – Ebers Papyrus – which means that cupping therapy has been used as early as 1550 B.C.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, cupping gained popularity in Europe. It was used to treat a variety of ailments, including respiratory conditions and musculoskeletal pain.

In the 19th century, with the rise of modern medicine, cupping fell out of favor in the West but continued in traditional and folk medicine practices.

In recent decades, increased interest in holistic and alternative medicine approaches brought back global interest in cupping. 

How Does Cupping Therapy Work?

During a cupping session, a suction from cupping draws fluid into the treated area.

This suction breaks capillaries (tiny blood vessels) under the skin, promoting healthier blood flow to the cupped areas. This can help release muscle tension, improve circulation, and reduce inflammation. Some people also believe that cupping releases toxins. 

Cups also facilitate lymphatic clearing of localized tissue. By flushing of lactic acid, heat, and old blood, cups enhance the natural drainage process and improve circulation.

Different Techniques of Cupping Therapy

A typical cupping session lasts between 10 to 30 minutes.  A variety of healthcare professionals can perform cupping – such as acupuncturists, physical therapists, and chiropractors.

Different cupping techniques include:

Dry cupping: In dry cupping, cups are placed on the skin using various methods to create suction. Traditionally, this was done by heating the inside of the cup with fire or placing a small amount of alcohol or herbal material inside the cup and igniting it before placing the cup on the skin. As the air inside the cup cools, it creates a vacuum, pulling the skin upwards.

Dry cupping is used to relieve muscle tension, promote blood flow, and stimulate the flow of qi (energy) in traditional Chinese medicine.

Wet cupping: Wet cupping involves a similar initial suction process as dry cupping. However, after a few minutes, the practitioner removes the cup and makes small incisions on the skin to draw out a small quantity of blood using a sterile lancet or needle. 

Wet cupping is believed to draw out "impurities" and toxins from the body, promoting detoxification and enhancing circulation. It has historical roots in Middle Eastern and Islamic medicine.

Fire cupping: Fire cupping is similar to dry cupping in that it aims to stimulate circulation and relieve muscle tension. It is still practiced in traditional Chinese medicine and other cultures.

Fire cupping is similar in function to dry cupping, aiming to stimulate circulation and relieve muscle tension.

Benefits of Cupping Therapy

Physical benefits of cupping

Pain relief: The suction created by the cups can help to reduce muscle tension and promote relaxation. Some studies suggest that cupping can be effective in reducing chronic pain conditions, such as arthritis and fibromyalgia – but the findings are limited. It has also shown promise in treating migraines.

Improved circulation: The suction from the cups draws blood to the treated area, which can improve circulation and promote healing. By increasing blood flow, cupping can help reduce inflammation and swelling.

Detoxification: Cupping is believed to stimulate the lymphatic system, helping the body to expel toxins and waste products more efficiently. The increased blood flow and lymphatic drainage can also improve skin health, reducing conditions like acne and cellulite.

Support for digestive disorders: Some practitioners use cupping to address digestive problems, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and indigestion, by promoting better blood flow to the digestive organs.

Psychological benefits of cupping

Stress reduction: The process of cupping can induce a state of relaxation, helping to reduce stress and anxiety levels. The physical sensation of the cups and the quiet time during a session can provide a calming effect.

Improved sleep: By alleviating physical tension and promoting relaxation, cupping can help improve the quality of sleep for some individuals. Some people report that cupping helps to relieve insomnia by reducing stress and promoting a sense of calm.

Enhanced mood: The pain relief and relaxation associated with cupping can lead to the release of endorphins, which are natural mood lifters. By reducing pain and improving circulation, cupping can help enhance mental clarity and focus.

Scientific evidence 

Although cupping has shown promising results for some of the health benefits above, more research is needed. Experts are still exploring how cupping eases pain and helps address certain diseases. There is limited research on this therapy, and it should only be used as a supporting therapy (and not a replacement therapy).

Risks and Considerations

While cupping carries low risks, it can have some side effects. 

In rare cases, some people may develop vasovagal syncope (a sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure leading to fainting).

Common side effects of cupping therapy include:

• Bruising

• Burns from heated cups

• Fatigue

• Headaches

• Muscle tension or soreness

• Nausea

• Skin infections, itching, or scarring

Cupping therapy should be performed under extremely sterile conditions. If the cups become contaminated with blood and not sterilized, blood-borne diseases – such as hepatitis B and C – can be spread. 

Who should avoid cupping therapy?

Individuals who are pregnant, have certain skin conditions, take blood-thinning medications, have deep vein thrombosis or varicose veins, or who have certain severe health conditions should avoid cupping therapy. 

Cupping in Modern Medicine

Cupping therapy is increasingly being integrated into modern medical practices and sports therapy due to its purported benefits in promoting circulation, reducing muscle tension, and aiding in pain management. 

High-profile athletes like Michael Phelps and high-profile celebrities like Gwyneth Paltrow have popularized cupping, showcasing its use as part of their wellness routines. 

How Can LifeMD Help?

Although LifeMD does not provide cupping therapy, a team of board-certified healthcare professionals offers assistance for a range of conditions such as chronic pain, sleep disorders, and digestive conditions.

To discuss your health concerns, make an appointment with a healthcare professional today — from the comfort of your home or wherever you are.

Holly Lunsford, APRN, FNP

Holly is an Advanced Practice Nurse Practitioner with more than 10 years of experience. She earned her Master’s of Science with a Family Nurse Practitioner concentration from the University of Memphis. Her extensive healthcare expertise spans across Emergency Medicine, Urgent Care, and Obesity Treatment. Holly is married and is a mom of three boys. In her free time, she enjoys making memories at the lake and traveling. She loves entertaining family and friends in her home – and she also has a passion for interior and graphic design.

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