Most Common STDs: Treatment and Prevention
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Summary
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common infections that spread from one person to another, usually during intercourse or other sexual contact.
- The most common STDs among Americans are chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Other infections like syphilis, hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also prevalent.
- These infections usually require professional diagnosis and treatment to ensure a full recovery and prevent more severe complications.
- Treatment options for STDs usually involve taking prescription medication and abstaining from sexual activities until you’ve recovered. You should also take more care to use protection once you’ve completed your treatment.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common health issues Americans face.
In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1 in 5 U.S. citizens (nearly 68 million people) have an STD.
Although STDs can easily be treated and prevented, failing to get medical help can cause prolonged complications and even potentially fatal illnesses in some cases.
That’s why it’s important to understand the different types and symptoms of STDs so that you can get the treatment you need.
In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the most common types of STDs, what to look out for, as well as treatment options and preventative measures to keep you safe.
What are STDs?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) — also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) — mostly develop after having engaged in sexual activity with an infected person.
These diseases typically require medical treatment. Some, like HIV, can even be life-threatening if you don’t receive professional care.
Any sexually active person can contract an STD, so it’s important to practice safe sex as much as possible.
Key Point: What is the Difference between STDs and STIs?
Although people refer to STDs and STIs interchangeably, the two terms are actually different from one another.
An STI is usually the initial infection that occurs when bacteria or parasites infiltrate the body.
It becomes a disease when the harmful organisms start disrupting the body’s normal processes. This is also usually when symptoms start to appear.
When symptoms develop, the STIs progress into STDs.
Which STDs are Most Common?
There are many types of STDs that a person can contract. In this section, we’ll take a closer look at some of the most common ones and how they are typically treated.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a bacterial infection of the genital tract that causes abnormal discharge, bleeding, and pain.
This condition is spread through contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person, usually during sex. Chlamydia can also spread via other sexual activities like oral sex or using sex toys.
It can be difficult to detect early-stage infection because chlamydia often causes little to no symptoms. The symptoms usually develop between one to three weeks after infection.
Most common chlamydia treatments
The most common treatment for chlamydia is a course of antibiotics. The preferred treatment is typically a single dose of azithromycin (1g) or a week-long course of doxycycline (100mg twice daily). Both options are effective in curing the infection in most cases.
It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve. It is also recommended that sexual partners be treated simultaneously to prevent re-infection.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is another type of bacterial infection that occurs in the genital tract. However, this disease can also cause bacteria to grow in the mouth, throat, eyes, and anus.
A gonorrhea infection is usually characterized by thick, cloudy discharge, bleeding, swollen genitals, and painful bowel movements.
Symptoms can take up to 10 days to develop from when you first come into contact with the disease.
Most common gonorrhea treatments
A combination of antibiotics, typically an injection of ceftriaxone (250mg) and an oral dose of azithromycin (1g). This dual therapy is effective in curing the infection in most cases. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve.
As with chlamydia, it is also recommended that sexual partners be treated simultaneously to prevent re-infection. It's worth noting that due to increasing antibiotic resistance, treatment guidelines may change, and it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for the most up-to-date recommendations.
Syphilis
Syphilis is a bacterial infection that affects the genitals, skin, and mucous membranes — which form the inner lining of the mouth, nose, lungs, and stomach.
In severe cases, syphilis can also affect the brain and heart.
This disease initially causes painless sores to develop at the site of the infection. As the infection progresses, syphilis may cause more severe symptoms such as:
Fever
Swollen lymph nodes
Fatigue
Discomfort
Body aches
Rash characterized by red sores over the affected area
Most common syphilis treatments
The most common treatment for syphilis is a course of antibiotics. The preferred treatment depends on the stage of syphilis.
For early-stage syphilis, which includes primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis, a single injection of penicillin G benzathine (usually 2.4 million units) is the recommended treatment. In some cases, a person may receive multiple doses of penicillin G benzathine.
For late-stage syphilis, which includes late latent syphilis, tertiary syphilis, and neurosyphilis, a person may require more extended treatment with multiple doses of intravenous penicillin G, usually administered over a period of several weeks.
It's important to note that penicillin is the primary treatment for syphilis, as other antibiotics may not be as effective. Individuals who are allergic to penicillin need to consult with their healthcare provider for alternative treatment options.
It is also essential to follow up with regular check-ups and blood tests to ensure the treatment successfully eliminates the infection. Sexual partners should also be tested and treated if necessary.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A, B, and C are all contagious diseases that are most likely spread through sex. These conditions mainly affect the liver, causing it to become inflamed.
These infections usually cause symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and fever.
You may also develop yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes — this is a condition known as jaundice.
Although most people only experience brief, acute symptoms, hepatitis can also become a chronic infection and will require professional medical care.
Most common hepatitis treatments
The treatment for hepatitis varies depending on the specific type and stage of the infection. Here are the most common treatments for the three main types of hepatitis:
Hepatitis A: There is no specific antiviral treatment for hepatitis A. Most people recover on their own with supportive care, which may include rest, maintaining adequate hydration, and relieving symptoms such as nausea and fever.
Hepatitis B: Treatment for chronic hepatitis B may include antiviral medications. The most commonly prescribed antiviral drugs for hepatitis B are oral medications such as tenofovir or entecavir. These medications help suppress the replication of the hepatitis B virus, reduce liver damage, and lower the risk of liver-related complications.
Hepatitis C: Treatment for chronic hepatitis C has seen significant advancements with the introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications. These oral medications, which are typically taken for 8 to 12 weeks, have a high cure rate for hepatitis C. Some commonly prescribed DAAs include sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, glecaprevir, and pibrentasvir. The choice of medication and treatment duration depend on various factors, such as the specific genotype of the virus, liver health, and presence of other medical conditions.
It is important to note that the treatment for hepatitis B and C should be overseen by a healthcare professional. They will evaluate individual circumstances, conduct necessary tests, and recommend the most appropriate treatment plan. Treatment effectiveness and duration may also vary depending on factors such as the stage of the disease, viral load, and individual response to medication. Regular monitoring and follow-up are crucial to assess treatment response and ensure the best possible outcome.
Genital herpes
This STD is caused by a variation of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that enters the body through small openings in the skin.
Common symptoms of an HSV infection include small red bumps or ulcers, pain, and itching in the genital area and inner thighs.
People infected with herpes may also experience flu-like symptoms.
Most common genital herpes treatments
The most common treatments for genital herpes aim to manage and alleviate symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, and minimize the risk of transmitting the virus to others. These treatments include:
Antiviral medications: Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir, are commonly prescribed to treat genital herpes. These medications can help speed up the healing of lesions, reduce pain and itching, and decrease the duration and frequency of outbreaks. They can be taken for both episodic treatment (during an outbreak) or as suppressive therapy (daily use to prevent outbreaks).
Topical creams: Topical antiviral creams, like acyclovir or penciclovir, can be applied directly to the affected area to reduce the duration and severity of lesions. However, they are less commonly used than oral antiviral medications.
Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help alleviate the discomfort associated with genital herpes outbreaks. Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine, may also be used to numb the affected area temporarily.
Home care: Keeping the affected area clean and dry, wearing loose clothing, and practicing good hygiene can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Warm baths and the use of unscented, mild soaps can also be soothing.
It's important to note that while these treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks, they do not cure genital herpes. The virus remains in the body and may still be transmissible, even during periods of symptom absence.
It is essential to communicate with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis, guidance, and personalized treatment options. Additionally, practicing safe sex, using condoms, and disclosing the infection to sexual partners are important steps to prevent transmission.
Scabies
Scabies is caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei that leads to an itchy rash developing at the infection site. You may also develop sores with a thick crust.
A scabies rash can also spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Scabies, however, is not a serious or life-threatening disease.
This STI is usually spread through prolonged skin-on-skin contact with an infected person.
Most common scabies treatments
The most common treatment for scabies is the use of prescription medications that kill the mites causing the infestation and their eggs. Permethrin cream is the most commonly prescribed treatment option. It is applied to the skin from the neck down, left for a specified period (usually 8-14 hours), and then washed off. This process may be repeated after one week if necessary.
In cases where permethrin is not suitable or effective, alternatives such as ivermectin may be prescribed. This oral medication is taken as a single dose or multiple doses, usually about a week apart.
In addition to medications, it is important to thoroughly clean and wash all bedding, clothing, and personal items that may have come into contact with the infested person. Vacuuming furniture and carpets can also help remove any mites or eggs that may be present.
It is important to follow the specific instructions given by a healthcare professional regarding the treatment, as well as any additional recommendations they provide for preventing reinfestation and managing the symptoms of scabies.
Pubic lice
These tiny insects target areas with body hair — especially around the genitals — and can lead to bites and itching.
Pubic lice may also lay their eggs in the pubic hair, which can cause the infection to worsen.
Most common pubic lice treatments
The most common treatment for pubic lice (also known as crabs) involves using over-the-counter or prescription medications specifically designed to eliminate lice and their eggs. The following are common treatment options:
Topical insecticides: Over-the-counter medications containing permethrin or pyrethrins are commonly used. These topical creams, lotions, or shampoos are applied to the affected area and left on for the specified time as per the product instructions. They work by killing the lice and their eggs. It may be necessary to repeat the treatment as instructed by the product or healthcare provider.
Prescription medications: In cases of severe infestations or when over-the-counter treatments have not been effective, a healthcare provider may prescribe stronger topical creams or lotions such as malathion or benzyl alcohol. These prescription options may be more effective in killing the lice and their eggs.
It is essential to carefully follow the instructions for each specific medication and repeat the treatment if necessary. Additionally, thorough cleaning of beddings, clothing, and personal items that may have come into contact with the lice is important to prevent reinfestation. Sexual partners should also be treated simultaneously to prevent transmission.
If over-the-counter treatments are unable to effectively eliminate the lice, or if the symptoms persist despite treatment, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and guidance.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital warts
An HPV infection is one of the most common STIs that people can get. Some forms of HPV can increase your risk of developing cervical cancer, but most variations cause genital warts.
Typically, an HPV infection appears as small, flesh-colored or gray bumps in the genital area that cause itching and discomfort. You may also experience bleeding sores during intercourse.
Most common HPV and genital warts treatments
There is no cure for HPV itself, but there are treatments available for the symptoms and complications it may cause. The most common treatments for HPV-related genital warts include:
Topical medications: Prescription creams, such as imiquimod, podofilox, or sinecatechins, can be applied directly to the warts. These medications work by stimulating the immune system to fight the virus or by damaging the wart tissue.
Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze off the warts. The freezing destroys the wart tissue, allowing new, healthy skin to grow in its place. Multiple sessions may be needed for larger warts.
Electrosurgery or excision: Genital warts can be physically removed using electrosurgery (burning) or excision (cutting). These methods are usually performed by a healthcare provider in a medical setting.
Laser therapy: In certain cases, laser therapy may be used to remove genital warts. High-intensity laser beams are targeted at the warts to destroy them.
It is important to note that while these treatments can remove visible warts, they do not eliminate the underlying HPV infection. The virus may still be present in the body and can potentially cause new outbreaks or be transmitted to others.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
This is a serious condition that attacks the immune system and causes damage to the cells in the body.
HIV weakens the body’s ability to fight everyday viruses, leaving it vulnerable to severe infection.
If you’ve been infected with HIV, you may experience a short flu-like illness within two to six weeks. This usually lasts for up to two weeks.
You may also never develop symptoms, although the virus will continue to attack and weaken your body.
Because HIV may be an asymptomatic STD, many people might never know that they’ve been infected. That’s why it’s important to get tested and know your status
Most common HIV treatments
The most common and effective treatment for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART involves taking a combination of antiretroviral medications that can effectively suppress the replication of the virus, slow down the progression of HIV, and improve the immune system's function. The following are common types of antiretroviral medications used in HIV treatment:
Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): These medications inhibit HIV's reverse transcriptase enzyme and include drugs like tenofovir, emtricitabine, and lamivudine.
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): These medications also inhibit the reverse transcriptase enzyme and include drugs like efavirenz, rilpivirine, and etravirine.
Protease inhibitors (PIs): These medications inhibit HIV's protease enzyme and include drugs like darunavir, atazanavir, and lopinavir boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat.
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs): These medications inhibit the integrase enzyme, preventing the integration of HIV's genetic material into human cells and include drugs like dolutegravir, raltegravir, and elvitegravir boosted with cobicistat or ritonavir.
Entry inhibitors: These medications block HIV's entry into human cells and include drugs like maraviroc and enfuvirtide.
Pharmacokinetic enhancers: Medications like cobicistat and ritonavir are used to boost the levels of other antiretroviral drugs in the body, allowing for better efficacy and convenience in dosing.
ART is usually prescribed as a combination of different antiretroviral medications from these classes. The specific regimen will depend on factors such as the individual's viral load, CD4 cell count, drug interactions, and potential side effects. Adherence to the treatment regimen is essential for its effectiveness.
In addition to ART, individuals with HIV are often advised to make lifestyle modifications such as practicing safe sex, using condoms, and addressing other health concerns like smoking or substance abuse. Regular medical care, monitoring of viral load and CD4 cell count, and preventive measures for opportunistic infections are also crucial components of HIV management.
It is important for individuals with HIV to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop an individualized treatment plan based on their specific needs and circumstances.
Key Point: Who is at a Higher Risk of an HIV Infection?
Anyone can become infected with HIV if they come into contact with an infected person. However, some groups of people have a higher risk of contracting HIV. They include:
- People with a current or previous sexual partner with HIV.
- A person who is from — or has a sexual partner from — an area with a high HIV rate.
- People who use drugs to enhance their sexual activities.
- People who share needles or other injection equipment.
- Men who have unprotected sex, especially anal sex, with other men.
- People who share sex toys with someone infected with HIV.
- Individuals with a history of STIs.
- People with multiple sexual partners.
- Healthcare workers.
- Babies born from a parent who is living with untreated HIV.
- People who live in countries that don’t have strong HIV screening procedures.
If you or your partner falls into any of the categories mentioned above, it’s recommended to get tested for HIV before you have sex.
This way, you can be sure that you’re both infection free or seek treatment early on if either of you tests positive.
How are STDs Diagnosed?
An STD should be diagnosed by a medical professional. They will also be able to recommend the best treatment options for your condition.
STDs are usually diagnosed through specialized tests that involve urine samples, blood tests, or swab cultures. Your healthcare provider may also perform a physical examination.
Can STDs Cause Any Health Complications?
If left untreated, STDs may cause lifelong medical complications and disease. Untreated STDs also significantly increase your risk of developing fatal conditions like AIDS.
Pregnant women with STDs are also at an increased risk of their babies developing complications with their organs and nervous systems.
Other STD complications for women include:
Issues with the female reproductive organs
Infertility
Chronic pelvic pain
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Ectopic pregnancy
For men, STD complications may include:
Infertility
Urethra infections
Testicular pain and swelling
How are STDs Usually Treated?
Once you have been diagnosed with an STD, your healthcare provider will recommend a treatment plan. Treatment for STDs usually include:
Prescription medications (like antibiotics, ointments, and creams) that help alleviate symptoms and heal any sores or rashes.
Antiviral medication that shortens an outbreak and reduces the likelihood of recurrent infection.
Abstaining from having sex while completing your treatment.
Informing your sexual partner(s) of your diagnosis so that they can talk to their healthcare provider about treatment.
Using protection when you resume having sex.
Some STDs can’t be cured with medication, but treatments — like taking antiviral drugs — can help reduce the severity of your symptoms.
For infections like genital warts, your healthcare provider may need to perform a procedure to shrink or remove the lesions.
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How Can STDs Be Prevented?
The only way to fully prevent STDs is by abstaining from sexual activity completely.
However, you can reduce your risk of becoming infected and developing complications by doing the following:
Use condoms and other protective methods that minimize your risk of coming into contact with harmful organisms or bodily fluids.
Get tested for STIs regularly.
Consider getting vaccinated against diseases like Hepatitis B and HPV.
Be honest with your sexual partners about your history and test results.
If you are at a higher risk of contracting HIV, ask your healthcare provider about preventative treatments known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
When Should You See a Doctor?
You should see a doctor as soon as you suspect that you may have an STI. It's also important to see a doctor if:
Your sexual partner(s) show signs or symptoms of an infection.
You are worried about having sex without protection.
You are pregnant with symptoms of an STI.
With LifeMD, you can schedule a virtual appointment with a board-certified doctor or nurse practitioner. They can talk through your symptoms with you and order the testing you need.
What should you expect during your visit?
Your visit to a sexual health clinic will usually be a straightforward and confidential process.
Before you go, you might need to make an appointment. However, most clinics are classified as drop-ins — which means you can go whenever you are ready.
Some clinics may allow you to see a male or female nurse, depending on who you are most comfortable with.
Once your appointment starts, you’ll most likely first have to provide personal information like your name and contact details.
Then the doctor will ask you questions about your medical and sexual history and your current sex life to help determine your diagnosis.
After the questions, the doctor will recommend an STI test and explain how it works. You might need to do any of the following:
Provide a urine or blood sample
Provide swabs from the genital area
Have your genitals examined
Your doctor will then send the samples to a laboratory and notify you when your test results are ready. This can take anywhere from 24 hours to two weeks.
Once you’ve received your results, your doctor will be in touch about a treatment plan or recommendations to help you deal with your diagnosis.
Where Can You Learn More about STDs and Other Diseases?
If you suspect that you have an STD or are concerned about any of your symptoms, you can speak to a board-certified physician or nurse practitioner from the comfort of your home. Head over to LifeMD to make a telehealth appointment.
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