Bacterial Vaginosis: Exploring Causes and Addressing Misconceptions

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common bacterial infection in women between the ages of 15 and 44.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, about 35% of women will develop BV during their reproductive years.

BV develops when there is an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. It is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection (STI). However, developing BV does increase a woman’s chances of contracting an STI.

What Causes BV?

While the direct cause of BV is not entirely understood, medical experts have identified several factors that can contribute to the development of the infection.

Vaginas are considered a microbiome because they constantly change throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle — and her entire life, for that matter. A healthy vaginal microbiome has high levels of “good” bacteria – called Lactobacillus – which counteracts overgrowth of other resident microorganisms.

When a woman develops BV, it means there is a significant reduction in Lactobacillus, and generally an overgrowth of “bad” bacteria – Gardnerella Vaginalis. This can degrade the vaginal mucus barriers, thus creating uncomfortable symptoms and leaving the vagina more susceptible to STIs.

Can semen cause BV?

There is a common misconception that the alkalinity of semen affects the pH of the vagina during sex and thus increases the chances of developing BV. But, according to a 2020 study published in the Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, this is most likely not the reason that sexual activity can lead to BV.

Penises have microbiomes, just as vaginas do. When the two meet during sexual intercourse and exchange fluids, bacteria that is not as healthy for the vagina as it is for the penis can end up infecting the vagina.

This being said, there is still little evidence to suggest that sex is a direct cause of BV, as there are many factors affecting bacterial exchange during sex, including condom use.

Can stress cause BV?

There is a potential connection between a woman’s stress levels and her chances of developing BV. According to a study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, exposure to chronic stress can impair immune system functioning. This includes weakening the growth of healthy bacteria that fights infection in the vagina.

Therefore, it is very important to practice stress management techniques and self-care in order to maintain optimal vaginal health.

These can look different to everyone; some techniques include exercising consistently, eating a balanced diet, getting a sufficient amount of sleep, and partaking in activities like yoga or meditation.

Who is Most at Risk for Developing BV?

A woman is more likely to develop BV if she:

• Is sexually active (specifically with more than one partner)
• Has sex with other women
• Douches often
• Does not use condoms during sex
• Has an intrauterine device (IUD)
• Wears tight-fitting underwear or pants often
• Uses perfumed soaps or body lotions near the vagina

It is important to note that BV is not a result of poor hygiene as the vagina is self-cleaning and balances its own pH.

Is BV a sign of infidelity?

The short answer is no. The misconception that BV is a sign of being sexually unfaithful comes from the fallacy that BV is transmitted sexually.

While exposure to a new sexual partner is one of the possible factors that can lead to the development of BV, there are several other causes that are entirely plausible in a monogamous sexual relationship.

How Can I Prevent BV?

Because the exact origin of BV is not fully understood, there is no surefire way to prevent the infection. The condition can be caused by multiple factors and can be influenced by countless small aspects of a woman’s life. That being said, there are many precautions women can take to decrease their chances of developing BV.

To encourage optimal vaginal health, woman should:

• Avoid douching
• Take daily probiotics
• Use mild soap
• Use unscented feminine hygiene products
• Avoid tight-fitting clothing and promptly change out of sweaty clothing
• Use condoms consistently and avoid flavored condoms or lubricants
• Limit the number of sexual partners

Is BV treatable?

In order to clear up the infection completely, it is necessary to complete a full course of antibiotics. There are no FDA-approved over-the-counter (OTC) medications for treating BV. When you make an appointment at LifeMD, a licensed medical provider can diagnose your symptoms and prescribe the right medication for you.

Where Can I Learn More About BV and Other Infections?

BV is quite common and is easily treatable with antibiotics. If you suspect you have an infection or have questions about developing BV, head over to LifeMD.

With LifeMD, you can learn more about common BV symptoms and find the most effective treatment for you. Make a video appointment today and get the help you need from the comfort of your home.